Reconstructing the Concept of Khalwat Sahihah  in the Digital Era: An Analysis of Scholars' Legal Perspectives

Ita Musarrofa; Mazro'atus Sa'adah

doi:10.29240/jhi.v8i2.8234

Reconstructing the Concept of Khalwat Sahihah in the Digital Era: An Analysis of Scholars' Legal Perspectives

Ita Musarrofa, Mazro'atus Sa'adah

Abstract

The digital era has opened up the possibility of long-distance sexual relations for married couples, commonly known as cybersex. This article aims to examine the relevance of cybersex between married couples with the debated concept of khalwat sahihah in the interpretations of various Islamic legal schools. Can long-distance sexual relations, such as cybersex, be categorized as khalwat sahihah with legal implications for dowry (mahar) and waiting period (iddah)? Then what are the legal consequences for dowry and iddah? Data on cybersex is collected from websites, and online articles about cybersex, as well as from research on cybersex that has been conducted. On the other hand, data regarding the debates among scholars from various Islamic legal schools (mazhab) about khalwat sahihah is gathered from books on comparative jurisprudence authored by Wahbah Zuhaily and Abdurrahman al-Jaziri. The data is then analyzed using content analysis and examined through the lens of the theory of maslahah. The research findings suggest that cybersex between husband and wife cannot be equated in terms of legal status with physical sexual intercourse, as cybersex entirely precludes physical contact. Cybersex is more relevant to the concept of khalwat sahihah, the law of which is being debated by school scholars. Cybersex is more relevant to the concept of khalwat ṣaḥīḥah, which remains a debated issue among scholars from different Islamic legal schools (mazhab). According to the viewpoints of the Shafi'i and Maliki schools, cybersex between a husband and wife results in an obligation to pay only half of the dowry (mahar). In the Shafi'i school, divorce following the occurrence of cybersex does not obligate the wife to observe the waiting period (iddah). However, according to the Maliki school, the wife is still obligated to observe the waiting period (iddah). In the Hanafi and Hanbali schools, cybersex obligates the husband to pay half of the dowry (mahar) and requires the wife to observe a waiting period (iddah) similar to that after a divorce (iddah talak bain). To fulfill the sexual needs of LDR (Long Distance Relationship) couples, cybersex has maslahah value depending on the condition of each individual's sexual needs. Cybersex is only a means (wasā'il) that can change in realizing the goal (ahdāf) of building a marital relationship that is sakinah, mawaddah and rahmah.

Keywords

Khalwat shahihah; cybersex in the digital era; maslahah; legal thought of Islamic school scholars

Full Text:

PDF

References

Alfitra, Alfitra, Afwan Faizin, Ali Mansur, and Muhammad Harfin Zuhdi. “Decency Norms in Law Enforcement to Online Prostitution in Indonesia: An Islamic Law Perspective.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 8, no. 1 May (May 23, 2023): 194–214. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i1.7044.

Al-Jaziri, Abdul-Rahman. Kitab Al fiqh ala Al-madzahib Al Arba’ah. Beirut Libanon: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah, 2003.

Alla, Satyanarayana Reddy. “Prevalence Of Cybersex in India.” Texila International Journal of Academic Research 8, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 42–48. https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJAR.2014.08.04.Art005.

Auda, Jasser. Al-Maqasid Untuk Pemula. Yogyakarta: Suka Press, 2013.

Az-Zuhaili, Wahbah. Fiqih Islam Wa Adillatuhu. Translated by Abdul Hayyie Al Kattani dkk. Vol. 9. Jakarta: Gema Insani, 2011.

Benagiano, Giuseppe, and Maurizio Mori. “The Origins of Human Sexuality: Procreation or Recreation?” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 18 (January 1, 2009): 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60116-2.

Cahyadi, Indra. “Tata Kelola Dunia Maya dan Ancaman Kedaulatan Nasional.” Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional 7, no. 2 (October 23, 2018). https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v7i2.1134.

Chotimah, Hidayat Chusnul. “Tata Kelola Keamanan Siber dan Diplomasi Siber Indonesia di Bawah Kelembagaan Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara [Cyber Security Governance and Indonesian Cyber Diplomacy by National Cyber and Encryption Agency].” Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional 10, no. 2 (November 25, 2019): 113–28. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v10i2.1447.

Daneback, Kristian, Al Cooper, and Sven-Axel Månsson. “An Internet Study of Cybersex Participants.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 321–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-3120-z.

Fitriani, Yuni, and Roida Pakpahan. “Analisa Penyalahgunaan Media Sosial Untuk Penyebaran Cybercrime Di Dunia Maya Atau Cyberspace.” Cakrawala - Jurnal Humaniora 20, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 21–27. https://doi.org/10.31294/jc.v20i1.6446.

Fuady, Muhammad E. “‘Cybercrime’: Fenomena Kejahatan melalui Internet di Indonesia.” Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi 6, no. 2 (December 19, 2005): 255–64. https://doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v6i2.1194.

Hening, Ratna Kusuma. “Cybering’s Future Acceptance In Germany and Indonesia.” Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Komunikasi dan Informatika 6, no. 2 (2015). https://jurnal.kominfo.go.id/index.php/jppki/article/view/593.

Indra Pratama, Bayu. Etnografi Dunia Maya Internet. Malang: UB Media, 2017.

Indrawan, Jerry. “Cyberpolitics Sebagai Perspektif Baru Memahami Politik di Era Siber [Cyberpolitics as A New Perspective in Understanding Politics in The Cyber Era].” Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v10i1.1315.

“Interactive Platforms Archives | Teledildonics.” Accessed June 3, 2023. https://teledildonics.co/interactive-platforms.

Irawanto, Budi. “Mereguk Kenikmatan di Dunia Maya: Virtualitas dan Penubuhan dalam Cybersex.” Jurnal Kawistara 7, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 30–40. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.23728.

———. “Mereguk Kenikmatan di Dunia Maya: Virtualitas dan Penubuhan dalam Cybersex.” Jurnal Kawistara 7, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 30–40. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.23728.

Juditha, Christiany. “Cybersex Behavior in Millenial Generation.” Jurnal Pekommas 5, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.30818/jpkm.2020.2050106.

Latumahina, Rosalinda Elsina. “Aspek Hukum Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Dunia Maya,” December 1, 2014. http://dspace.uphsurabaya.ac.id:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/92.

Lunceford, Brett. “Virtual Sex.” In Encyclopedia of Gender in Media, edited by Kosut Mary. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012.

Marita, Lita Sari. “Cyber Crime Dan Penerapan Cyber Law Dalam Pemberantasan Cyber Law Di Indonesia.” Cakrawala - Jurnal Humaniora 15, no. 2 (2015). https://doi.org/10.31294/jc.v15i2.4901.

Media, Kompas Cyber. “Pakaian Dalam dengan Vibrator dari Durex.” KOMPAS.com, May 2, 2013. ~Relationship~Seks.

Musarrofa, Ita. “Dowry Trends in the Digital Age (Sociology of Law Review of the Use of Digital Dowry in the Cyber World Community ).” Jurnal Hukum Islam 19, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 151–74. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v19i1.3754.

Musarrofa, Ita, Sofiatun Nisak, Mochammad Rofyal Muzakki, and Aulia Avan Rachman. “Sociological-Normative Analysis of The Provision of Joint Property in The Cyber Era | Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies,” May 31, 2022. https://ijiis.or.id/index.php/ijiis/article/view/96.

Muttaqin, Husnul. “Urgensi Pembaharuan Fiqh Era Cyberspace.” Jurnal Hukum Islam Kopertais Wilayah IV Surabaya Vol. 01, No. 01, Maret 2009. (n.d.).

Nurcholis. “Cyberpornography (Pornografi Di Dunia Maya) Dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam.” UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2015.

Nursita, Rizki Dian. “Cyberspace: Perdebatan, Problematika, Serta Pendekatan Baru Dalam Tata Kelola Global.” Dauliyah Journal of Islamic and International Affairs 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 80–99. https://doi.org/10.21111/dauliyah.v4i1.2934.

Piliang, Yasraf Amir. Dunia Yang Berlari, Mencari Tuhan-Tuhan Digital. Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 2004.

———. Post Realitas: Realitas Kebudayaan Di Era Post-Metafisika. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 2010.

———. Sebuah Dunia Yang Dilipat. Bandung: Mizan, 1998.

Pilliang, Yasraf Amir. “Masyarakat Informasi Dan Digital: Teknologi Informasi Dan Perubahan Sosial.” Jurnal Sosioteknologi 11, no. 27 (December 1, 2012): 143–55. http://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/sostek/article/view/1098.

Prabowo, Galih Akbar. “Cyber Sex Sebagai Implikasi Perkembangan Teknologi Komunikasi.” Journal of Communication Studies 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 81–95. https://doi.org/10.37680/jcs.v1i2.850.

Pribadi, Satria Ajie, and Dona Eka Putri. “Perbedaan Sikap Terhadap Seks Dunia Maya Pada Mahasiswa Ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin.” Proceeding PESAT (Psikologi, Ekonomi, Sastra, Arsitektur, & Sipil) 3 (2009): 5.

Pruchniewska, Urszula. “Teledildonics in the Media: A Voyant Analysis of Journalism on Virtual Sex Toys – Loretta C. Duckworth Scholars Studio,” June 17, 2019. https://sites.temple.edu/tudsc/2019/06/17/teledildonics-in-the-media-a-voyant-analysis-of-journalism-on-virtual-sex-toys/.

R, Ibrahim. “Jurisdiksi Dunia Maya (Cyberspace) Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional Abad XXI.” Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM 10, no. 24 (2003): 119–27. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol10.iss24.art10.

Ropei, Ahmad, and Ramdani Wahyu Sururie. “Dinamika Penjatuhan Talak Melalui Whatsapp Dalam Paradigma Pembaharuan Hukum Keluarga Islam.” AL-HUKAMA: The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Family Law 11, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 160–84. https://doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2021.11.1.160-184.

Siegel, Aaron. “Datadreamer - Sexual Evolution: Social Implications of Teledildonic Adoption.” Accessed June 3, 2023. https://www.datadreamer.com/item/teledildonics.

Steensig, Anna Lilja, and Jacob Øhrgaard Westh. “Intimate Sensory Technology in Long Distance Relationships,” 2016.

Stenslie, Stahl. “Cybersex.” In The Oxford Handbook of Virtuality, edited by Mark Grimshaw. Chapter 18. Oxford University Press, n.d.

Šukolová, Denisa, and Ivan Sarmany-Schuller. “Online Sexual Activities and Cybersex: A Study From Slovakia with Focus on Women´S Behaviour,” 267–83, 2013.

Times, I. D. N., and M. Tarmizi Murdianto. “Cocok Buat Kamu yang LDR-an, 7 Teknologi Ini Bisa Bantu Melepas Rindu!” IDN Times. Accessed August 29, 2022. https://www.idntimes.com/tech/trend/m-tarmizi-murdianto/kumpulan-teknologi-yang-memfasilitasi-hubungan-jarak-jauh-ldr.

Warsiman. “Tinjauan Hukum Terhadap Pelacuran Dalam Dunia Maya (Cyber Prostitution) Menurut Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronika” Vol. 3, No. 1 (June 2014).

Wéry, A., and J. Billieux. “Problematic Cybersex: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Treatment.” Addictive Behaviors 64 (January 1, 2017): 238–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.007.

Wéry, Aline, and J. Billieux. “Online Sexual Activities: An Exploratory Study of Problematic and Non-Problematic Usage Patterns in a Sample of Men.” Computers in Human Behavior 56 (March 1, 2016): 257–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.046.

Wéry, Aline, Jonathan Burnay, Laurent Karila, and Joël Billieux. “The Short French Internet Addiction Test Adapted to Online Sexual Activities: Validation and Links With Online Sexual Preferences and Addiction Symptoms.” The Journal of Sex Research 53, no. 6 (July 23, 2016): 701–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1051213.

Zuhaily, Wahbah al-. Al Fiqh Al Islamy Wa Adillatuhu. Cet. 2. Vol. 7. Damaskus: Dar Al-Fikr, 1985.

Zulfa, Hijratul, Maya Khairani, Risana Rachmatan, and Zaujatul Amna. “Hubungan Antara Religiusitas Dengan Perilaku Cybersex Pada Remaja Di Aceh.” Journal of Community Mental Health and Public Policy, Vol. No.2 2022. https://cmhp.lenterakaji.org/index.php/cmhp/article/view/71.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i2.8234